{"id":2379,"date":"2023-12-16T15:01:42","date_gmt":"2023-12-16T14:01:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/?page_id=2379"},"modified":"2025-02-04T14:14:49","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T13:14:49","slug":"60-glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/?page_id=2379","title":{"rendered":"25. Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pdfprnt-buttons pdfprnt-buttons-page pdfprnt-top-right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=wpv2pages2379&print=pdf\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/oopm.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"image_pdf\" title=\"View PDF\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=wpv2pages2379&print=print\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-print\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/oopm.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/print.png\" alt=\"image_print\" title=\"Print Content\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this chapter, we shortly describe the main terms used in this book with references to the relevant sections in the book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rightmost column is supposed to contain a link to the part(s) of the book where the term is introduced. It is currently incomplete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-regular\"><table><thead><tr><th>Term<\/th><th>Explanation<\/th><th>References<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Access modifiers<\/td><td>Supplementary properties that restrict access to attributes of an object including <code>%public<\/code>, <code>%private<\/code>, <code>%protected<\/code>, <code>%package_boundary<\/code> and <code>%package<\/code>.<\/td><td><script>mkRef(\"Visibility mechanisms\")<\/script><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Action <\/td><td>The accomplishment of creating\/destroying physical phenomena and\/or changing properties of physical phenomena in a domain.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Atomic operation<\/td><td>An operation that cannot be interrupted while it is being executed.&nbsp;<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Active object<\/td><td>An object that performs computations of its own: a program object, a coroutine or parallel object. An object that includes statements that are executed as part of the generation of the object, is not considered an active object.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Activity<\/td><td>A partial ordered sequence of actions.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Attribute <\/td><td>A local data-item, method, or class of an object.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Attribute accessor<\/td><td>An expression that describes access to an attribute of a specific object.<\/td><td><script>mkRef(\"The first program\")<\/script><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Actual parameter<\/td><td>If the formal parameter is a data-item, then an actual parameter is the value of an expression assigned to the formal parameter at the invocation of a method or instantiation of a class.<br>If the formal parameter is a virtual method or virtual class, then an actual parameter is a binding of the virtual.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Argument<\/td><td>Alternative term for <em>actual parameter<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Class<\/td><td>A template for <em>objects<\/em> with identical structure.<\/td><td><script>mkRef(\"Classes\")<\/script><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Class instantiation<\/td><td>The computation of generating an object from a class, and executing its statements. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#2628d8\" class=\"has-inline-color\"> <\/mark><br>Similar to method invocation.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Control structure abstraction,<br>control abstraction<br><\/td><td>Alternative term for a <em>control method<\/em>.<br><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Control flow<\/td><td>The order in which the <em>operations<\/em> of a program are performed. It determines how a program moves from one operation to another based on the state of the objects.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Control structure<\/td><td>A <em>statement<\/em> that specifies the order of execution of other statements based on state of the objects and thus controls the <em>control flow<\/em> of a program.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Control structure method,<br>Control method <\/td><td>A method that defines a control structure.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Computation<\/td><td>A partial ordering of <em>operations<\/em> executed by a computer.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coroutine<\/td><td>Shorthand for <em>coroutine object<\/em><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coroutine object<\/td><td>An active object that represents<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#4336c9\" class=\"has-inline-color\"> <\/mark>an activity that may be suspended and later resumed at the point of suspension.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data-item<\/td><td>A <em>constant<\/em> or <em>variable<\/em> <em>object reference<\/em> or <em>value object<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Datum<\/td><td>A piece of information that may be a <em>value<\/em> or an <em>object reference<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Declaration<\/td><td>A description of a constant or variable data-item, a class or a method  in an object descriptor or method descriptor.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Derived<\/td><td>An <em>object descriptor<\/em> and <em>class<\/em> is said to be derived from its <em>superclass<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Direct superclass<\/td><td>The&nbsp;direct&nbsp;superclass is the class from which the class\/singular object is explicitly&nbsp;derived as specified in the object descriptor for the class\/singular object<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Expression<\/td><td>A description\/syntactic element that describes a computation of a value.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Formal parameter<\/td><td>A formal parameter of a method or class may be a variable data-item or a virtual method or virtual class.<br>Se also <em>actual parameter<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Function<\/td><td>A method that computes a value solely based on the values of its parameters. It does not read or modify data-items in its enclosing object or other objects.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ghost object<\/td><td>An object that is used solely for the purpose of explaining a given programming language mechanism. <\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Identity<\/td><td>A physical phenomena has an&nbsp;<em>identity<\/em>. Physical phenomena are distinct which means that they have different identities.<\/td><td><script>mkRef(\"On representing phenomena\")<\/script><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inheritance<\/td><td>An alternative term for the <em>subclass<\/em> mechanism.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Item<\/td><td>A <em>declaration<\/em> or a <em>statement<\/em> in an <em>object-descriptor<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Intrinsic object<\/td><td>An object that is a declared using <code><strong>obj<\/strong><\/code>, is generated as part of the generation of the object containing the declaration and exists during the lifetime of this object.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Invoker<\/td><td>The object (class object or <em>method object<\/em>) executing the <em>method invocation<\/em> that generates a given method object &#8211; the <em>invokee<\/em>.<\/td><td><script>mkRef(\"Method details\")<\/script><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Invokee<\/td><td>The <em>method object <\/em>being generated as part of a <em>method invocation<\/em> executed by an object or method object &#8211; the <em>invoker<\/em>.<\/td><td><script>mkRef(\"Method details\")<\/script><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mainpart<\/td><td>The <em>items<\/em> defined in an <em>object-descriptor<\/em> excluding the <em>direct superclass<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method<\/td><td>A template for <em>computations<\/em> with identical structure.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method generation<\/td><td>The computation of generating a <em>method object<\/em>; includes generation of possible data-items and assignments of possible parameters.<br>Similar to <em>object generation<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method invocation<\/td><td>The computation of a <em>method generation<\/em> from a <em>method<\/em> <em>description<\/em>, followed by execution of its <em>statements<\/em>.<br>Similar to <em>object instantiation<\/em><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Material object<\/td><td>A <em>singular object<\/em> declared using <code>obj<\/code> or an instance of a <em>class<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Method object<\/td><td>An <em>object<\/em> created from a <em>method<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Module<\/td><td>An object descriptor for a singular object that is organized in the <code>qBetaWorld<\/code> hierarchy and mapped to a folder and file in the filesystem.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Object <\/td><td>Objects are the basic, physical entities that exist in&nbsp;computers; objects are the building blocks of computational processes.<br>An object has variable and\/or constant datums, intrinsic objects, classes, methods, and a computation part.<br>A material objects has in addition an identity.<br>A method objects does not have an identity.<\/td><td><script>mkRef(\"Objects\")<\/script><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Object-descriptor<\/td><td>A description of the structure of an object consisting of a possible superclass, and possible items.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Object generation<\/td><td>The computation of generating <em>an object<\/em>; includes generation of possible data-items and assignments of possible parameters.<br>Similar to <em>method generation<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Object instantiation<\/td><td>The computation of an <em>object generation<\/em> from a <em>object<\/em> <em>descript<\/em>or, followed by execution of its <em>statements<\/em>.<br>Similar to <em>method invocation<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Object reference<\/td><td>A data-item that may hold a reference to an object. See also <em>Reference<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operation<\/td><td>An action executed by a computer.<\/td><td><script>mkRef(\"More on computers executing programs\")<\/script><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Parallel object<\/td><td>An active object that executes actions in parallel with other parallel objects.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Parameter<\/td><td>Shorthand for <em>formal parameter<\/em>. See also actual parameter and argument.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Program<\/td><td>A module that is intended for execution.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reference<\/td><td>Short-hand for <em>object-reference<\/em>. <\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Scope<\/td><td>The part of the <code>qBetaWorld<\/code> where a given name is visible.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Singular object<\/td><td>An object that is one of its kind and not an instance of a class.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Singular method object<\/td><td>A method object that is one of its kind and not an instance of a method.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Statement<\/td><td>A description of an <em>activity<\/em> (action?) in an <em>object-descriptor<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Structure<\/td><td>Shorthand for <em>object structure<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subclass<\/td><td>A class that is derived from another class &#8211; its direct superclass, and inherits attributes and statements from the superclass.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Superclass<\/td><td>A class from which other classes are derived. See also <em>direct superclass<\/em>.<\/td><td><script>mkRef(\"Common superclass\")<\/script><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Submethod<\/td><td>A method that is derived from another method &#8211; its direct supermethod, and inherits attributes and statements from the supermethod.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supermethod<\/td><td>A method from which other methods are derived.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Type<\/td><td>A <em>concept<\/em> that covers a class of <em>values<\/em>. This is a simplified defintion of a type intended for programming &#8211; the mathematical concept of a type is much more complicated and exists in different variants.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Value<\/td><td>A mathematical entity like a number, point, polygon, etc.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Value object<\/td><td>An object that is an instance of a subclass of class <code>Value<\/code>; the object is embedded in a <em>holding object<\/em> and intended for representing a value.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Value type<\/td><td>A class that is a subclass of class <code>Value<\/code>. See also <em>Type<\/em>.<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"display:flex; gap:10px;justify-content:center\" class=\"wps-pgfw-pdf-generate-icon__wrapper-frontend\">\n\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/oopm.org?action=genpdf&amp;id=2379\" class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button\" ><img src=\"https:\/\/oopm.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-generator-for-wp\/admin\/src\/images\/PDF_Tray.svg\" title=\"Generate PDF\" style=\"width:auto; height:45px;\"><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this chapter, we shortly describe the main terms used in this book with references to the relevant sections in the book. The rightmost column is supposed to contain a link to the part(s) of the book where the term is introduced. It is currently incomplete. Term Explanation References Access modifiers Supplementary properties that restrict [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":25,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2379","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"mb":[],"mfb_rest_fields":["title","gutenberg_elementor_mode"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2379","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2379"}],"version-history":[{"count":220,"href":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11347,"href":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2379\/revisions\/11347"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oopm.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}